Ku Shen

Content
1. What is Ku Shen?
    1.1 Physiological properties of Ku Shen
2. Growth environment of Ku Shen
3. How to reproduce Ku Shen？
4. Cultivation techniques of Ku Shen
5. Ku Shen effects
6. How to buy Ku Shen?

Ku Shen is the name of Chinese medicine. It is the dried root of Bitter Ginseng, family Leguminosae. It is harvested in spring and autumn, and the root head and small branch roots are removed, washed, and dried, or sliced and dried while fresh. It is bitter and cold. It has the function of clearing heat and drying dampness, killing worms and diuretics. It is used for febrile dysentery, blood in stool, jaundice and urinary closure, red and white leucorrhoea, pubic swelling and itching, eczema, damp sores, skin itching, scabies, and leprosy, and externally for trichomonas vaginalis.

Ku Shen, its roots are long cylindrical, and the lower part often has branches, 10-30cm long, and 1-6.5cm in diameter. surface gray-brown or brownish-yellow, with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse long lenticel-like protrusions, thin outer skin, more rupture recoil, easy to peel off, peeling yellow, smooth. Hard, not easy to break, fibrous in section; slices 3-6mm thick; yellowish-white in section, with radial texture and fissures, some with heterogeneous vascular bundles in concentric rings or irregularly scattered. The soil requirements are not strict, generally sandy loam and clay loam can grow, for deep-rooted plants, should choose low water table, and well-drained land planting. Seedlings sown in the same year mostly do not flower, the leaves turn yellow and fall into dormancy in winter, and then grow again in the following spring, with buds and flowers in June and fruits ripening from July to mid-August. It grows in sandy areas or on sunny slopes in the grass and along streams and ditches.

Ku Shen is an herb or subshrub, sparsely shrubby, usually about 1 m tall, sparsely up to 2 m tall. Stems striate, sparsely pilose when young, later glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound to 25 cm long; stipules lanceolate-linear, acuminate, ca. 6-8 mm; leaflets 6-12 pairs, alternate or sub opposite, papery, variable in shape, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 3-4(-6) cm long, (0.5-)1.2-2 cm wide, apex obtuse or acute, base broadly cuneate or shallowly cordate, glabrous above, sparsely grayish white pubescent below or nearly glabrous above, sparsely grayish white pubescent or nearly glabrous below. Midvein elevated below.

Racemes terminal, 15-25 cm long; flowers numerous, sparse or slightly dense; pedicels slender, ca. 7 mm; bracts linear, ca. 2.5 mm; calyx campanulate, obviously oblique, obscurely undulate, nearly truncate when fully developed, ca. 5 mm long, ca. 6 mm wide, sparsely pubescent; corolla twice as long as calyx, white or yellowish-white, flagellum obovate-spatulate, 14-15 mm long, 6 -7 mm, apex rounded or emarginate, base attenuate into a stalk, stalk 3 mm wide, pterygoid petal unilateral, strongly ruffled almost to the top of the limb, stalk subequal to the limb, ca. 13 mm, keeled petal similar to pterygoid petal, slightly broader, ca. 4 mm wide, stamens 10, separate or slightly connate near the base; ovary subsessile, yellowish white pilose, style slightly curved, ovules numerous. Pods 5-10 cm long, slightly constricted between seeds, obscurely beaded, slightly 4-angled, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous, dehiscent into 4 valves at maturity, with 1-5 seeds; seeds long-ovate, slightly compressed, dark reddish brown or purple-brown. Jun-Aug, fr. 7-10.

Sophora root is distributed in all provinces and regions of the north and south China. It is also found in India, Japan, Korea, and Siberia, Russia. It grows on mountain slopes, sandy grassy slopes in shrub forests, or near fields below 1500 m in elevation.

Ku Shen seeds need to be quickly milled 1-2 times with a rice mill to discolor the seed coat. When the color of the seed coat changes from brown to grayish-white, it is enough to have fine powder by hand. Prevent excessive grinding from affecting seedling emergence.

Spring sowing for March 20 to April 20; summer sowing for June 20 to July 10; autumn sowing should be early, after early September to prevent overwintering part of the seedlings are frozen, should not be sown; winter sowing when the temperature drops to 5 ℃ below the soil before freezing, the year not seedlings. The following spring, seedlings emerge.

The sowing volume is 22.5-30.0 kg/ha. The sowing depth is 3-5 cm. Field direct sowing: 40 cm between rows and 20-27 cm between plants, 1-2 seedlings per hole, planting density 8.25-9.60 thousand plants/ha, using mechanical sowing.

About 7 days before Ching Ming, when the Ku Shen has not sprouted but the grass has grown, use a rototiller to do a light rototilling to a depth of 2-3 cm, which can uproot most of the grass and save a lot of labor for the later stage. When the bitter ginseng seedlings are 6-8 cm high, thin out the seedlings, leaving 1-2 seedlings in each aun. When the bitter ginseng seedlings grow 5-7 compound leaves and 50% of the compound leaves appear 5 compound leaves, mow, and weed at a depth of 10-15 cm.

Set seedlings at 26-30 cm spacing, leaving 1-2 plants per grave, leaving 30-50% double plants. In combination with the seedling setting, plan a 20 cm-deep pit at the missing broken monopoly and put the seedlings that have been raised in the missing broken monopoly. When transplanting, plan a 20 cm-deep pit at the missing monopoly, start the seedlings in situ, and transplant them back into the soil.

Annual Ku Shen generally does not occur in underground rhizomes, but in the second year Ku Shen will occur in large numbers, from the rhizome grows more than 10 buds, some even more than 20, is horizontal to grow around. Part of them grows out of the ground and affects the ventilation and light in the field; part of them does not come out of the ground but competes with the roots for nutrients. Broken stems can generally increase the yield of root strips by 10-15%. Specific method: In early spring or early summer, use a single-legged sow or hoe to open a trench in the same row, 10 cm deep, and cut off the lateral growth of the rhizome.

Ku Shen enters the flowering and fruiting stage in the 2nd year, which will consume a large amount of nutrients, an average of 3.3 dry matter is needed to produce 1 kg of seeds; flower removal and topping will also increase the alkaloid content of bitter ginseng. Therefore. In order to reduce nutrient consumption, promote nutrient accumulation in the roots and improve the quality of the roots, flower topping is carried out in the field management of bitter ginseng in the 2nd and 3rd years. Generally, it is asked from June 10 to July 10.

Method: Ku Shen 60% of the buds, and 10% of the flowers start the flowering stage with a saber or manual 1st flowering topping, every 10 days.

Ku Shen chases nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of growth, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the middle stage, and foliar fertilizer spray in the late stage. Bitter ginseng seedlings are tender, and not resistant to efficient chemical fertilizer, so generally do not apply seed fertilizer or heavy fertilizer. Each year, from June 20 to July 10, 120 kg/ha of urea and diammonium phosphate is applied. Fertilizer was applied in open furrows and mulched after application to keep the fertilizer rows in the field and it was found that the bag-grown triticale had more tuberous roots than the triticale planted in large fields and directly in the ground apparently. Planting 6-7 months of triticale in 20-30 per bag, planting 3-4 years after the yield per bag (2 seedlings) can be in 100-200 grams, according to the placement of 30-37,500 bags square millimeter calculation, the mode of planting triticale under the garden bag can be harvested fresh 2250-3750 kg/ha, the output value can reach 900-1.5 million yuan/ha, the economic benefits are very significant.

Ku Shen is bitter, and cold, and belongs to the heart, liver, large intestine, and bladder meridian has the effect of clearing heat and drying dampness. It is antiseptic and antipruritic, fighting allergies, calming asthma and expectorant, cancer prevention, and anti-cancer. It is commonly used in eczema, damp sores, damp heat, and other diseases.

Ku Shen is bitter, and cold in nature. Sophora root has the effect of clearing heat and drying dampness, which is effective in treating eczema, scrotal dampness, damp sores, and other diseases. Bitter ginseng can also be used for the treatment of thirst, bitterness, and heavy limbs caused by the accumulation of dampness and heat in the body.

Ku Shen ether extract and alcohol extract can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, and bitter ginseng aqueous infusion has an inhibitory effect on Trichophyton rubrum. Patients with eczema and vulvar itching can use bitter ginseng decoction externally, which has good antiseptic and antipruritic effects.

Ku Shen contains bitter ginseng alkaloids, can reduce the body's metamorphic reaction, prevent allergic diseases, commonly used to treat urticaria, allergic dermatitis and other diseases.

Ku Shen can excite the nerve center and release the bronchial spasm. Patients with bronchitis and pneumonia can take bitter ginseng for treatment when they have symptoms such as coughing, coughing up phlegm, and shortness of breath.

Ku Shen in the bitter ginseng alkaloids, locust alkaloids, and other substances can anti-tumor, inhibit the spread of cancer cells metastasis, clinical use of bitter ginseng to assist in the treatment of intestinal cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, and other diseases.

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